Complexity Theory & Philosophy of Education

Complexity Theory & Philosophy of Education: "‘The organism restricts the individual creativity of its component unities, as these unities exist for that organism. The human social system amplifies the individual creativity of its components, as that system exists for these components’ (Maturana & Varela, 1998, p. 199)."

Complexity Theory & Philosophy of Education

Complexity Theory & Philosophy of Education: "In the simplest terms, [these systems] solve problems by drawing on masses of relatively stupid elements, rather than a single, intelligent, ‘executive branch’. They are bottom-up systems, not top-down ... . [T]hey are complex adaptive systems that display emergent behaviour. In these systems, agents residing on one scale start producing behaviour that lies one scale above them: ants create colonies; urbanites create neighbourhoods; simple pattern-recognition software learns how to recommend new books. The movement from low-level rules to higher-level sophistication is what we call emergence"

Complexity Theory & Philosophy of Education

Complexity Theory & Philosophy of Education: "The current vogue is for the third of the three C’s: complexity. The buzzwords here aree m e r ge n c e ands e l f - o r ga n i z at i o n, as complexity theory seeks to understand how order and stability arise from the interactions of many components according to a few simple rules ... . But very often what passes today for ‘complexity science’ is really something much older, dressed in fashionable apparel."

Charitable behavior found in bacteria

Charitable behavior found in bacteria